Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas. The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing. Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.) For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections: Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature. The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project. It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.) The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. I propose a detailed analysis of environment and environmental issues in five selected texts. Because I am focusing primarily on environmentally conscious literature as a contemporary movement, these will all be texts written within the past decade. In addition to these five texts, I will conduct research using a survey of randomly selected college students to determine A. Whether they have read any of the five texts, B. The amount of contemporary literature that they have read in the past year and C. Whether they felt that environment or environmental issues were addressed in said literature. If you have already begun to look at potential sources for your research, you may conclude your research proposal with a bibliography or an annotated bibliography. This will give your advisor a good idea of the materials you plan to use and can help them steer you in the right direction if there are any issues with the research materials that you have chosen. This sample is a very basic version of a research proposal. It can be a challenge to write, but it’s necessary to learn how to craft one early on in your academic career, as it is the basis of other types of proposals, such as the thesis proposal. that many students will eventually have to learn. The one that you need to write may be much more complex depending on your area of study. You may have to includes descriptions of everything from the exact methodologies you would plan to use in scientific experiments to the ways in which you intend to present your research, such as through charts and graphs. Though you have probably already spent some time learning how to write a thesis sentence, this is actually not what you want to do with your research proposal. Remember, you are not setting out to conduct research in order to prove a point. When discussing the topic, you must be fair dead poets society essay, balanced, and open-minded. You must leave room in this part of the research proposal for flexibility. From high school to upper-level university courses and beyond, there are many times in which an individual may need to write a research paper or a report. In many instances, before you can even begin a research paper, you will need to create a research proposal that will let your supervisor know what it is that you want to conduct research on. The purpose of the proposal is to ensure that First, consult your advisor on length, layout (typeface, line spacing, font, etc.), format, as well as a table of contents and page numbers. Members of the selection committee may have to read a large number of research proposals so good construction and legibility of your proposal is to your advantage. Consider your work to be a Work-in-Progress and allow yourself a flexible planning: -- 18% forgot to number the pages. The National Institute of Health (NIH) analyzed the reasons why over 700 research proposal applications were denied. Their findings as to the cause of rejection are worth reviewing: Abstract/summary statement of the research project: Attachments: Your work to date This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding both of your project and of proposal writing. This is not complete and needs a little rearranging. Krathwohl, David R. 1988. How to Prepare a Research Proposal: Guidelines for Funding and Dissertations in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Syracuse University Press. Proposals help you estimate the size of a project. Don't make the project too big. Our MA program statement used to say that a thesis is equivalent to a published paper in scope. These days, sixty double spaced pages, with figures, tables and bibliography, would be a long paper. Your proposal will be shorter, perhaps five pages and certainly no more than fifteen pages. (For perspective, the NSF limits the length of proposal narratives to 15 pages essay mental health, even when the request might be for multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars.) The merit of the proposal counts sample student essays college, not the weight. Shoot for five pithy pages that indicate to a relatively well-informed audience that you know the topic and how its logic hangs together, rather than fifteen or twenty pages that indicate that you have read a lot of things but not yet boiled it down to a set of prioritized linked questions. In the first paragraph, the first sentence identifies the general topic area. The second sentence gives the research question, and the third sentence establishes its significance. Why is this work important? Show why this is it important to answer this question. What are the implications of doing it? How does it link to other knowledge? How does it stand to inform policy making? This should show how this project is significant to our body of knowledge. Why is it important to our understanding of the world? It should establish why I would want to read on. It should also tell me why I would want to support, or fund a good bibliography, the project. Even better for some, is to use specialized bibliographic database software. Papyrus, EndNote report writing tips, and other packages are available for PCs and MacIntoshs. The bib-refer and bibTex software on UNIX computers are also very handy and have the advantage of working with plain ASCII text files (no need to worry about getting at your information when the wordprocessor is several generations along). All of these tools link to various word-processors to make constructing and formating your final bibliography easier contrast comparison essays, but you won't do that many times anyway. If they help you organize your notes and thinking, that is the benefit. Platt, J. "Strong Inference" in Science. Number 3642, pp. 347-353, 16 October 1964. This section should make clear to the reader the way that you intend to approach the research question and the techniques and logic that you will use to address it. What is your proposal about? Setting the topical area is a start but you need more, and quickly. Get specific about what your research will address. The balance between Introduction and Literature Review needs to be thought out. The reader will want to be able to figure out whether to read the proposal. The literature review should be sufficiently inclusive that the reader can tell where the bounds of knowledge lie. It should also show that the proposer knows what has been done in the field (and the methods used). Another outline (maybe from Gary Fuller?). This should explain in some detail how you will manipulate the data that you assembled to get at the information that you will use to answer your question. It will include the statistical or other techniques and the tools that you will use in processing the data. It probably should also include an indication of the range of outcomes that you could reasonably expect from your observations. Once the topic is established, come right to the point. What are you doing? What specific issue or question will your work address? Very briefly (this is still the introduction) say how you will approach the work. What will we learn from your work? Characterizing theses is difficult. Some theses are "straight science". Some are essentially opinion pieces. Some are policy oriented. In the end, they may well all be interpretations of observations essaying meaning, and differentiated by the rules that constrain the interpretation. (Different advisors will have different preferences about the rules, the meta-discourse, in which we all work.) This is the list of the relevant works. Some advisors like exhaustive lists. I think that the Graduate Division specifies that you call it "Bibliography". Others like to see only the literature which you actually cite. Most fall in between: there is no reason to cite irrelevant literature but it may be useful to keep track of it even if only to say that it was examined and found to be irrelevant. The final paragraph outlines your expected results, how you will interpret them, and how they will fit into the our larger understanding i.e. 'the literature'. I have found that there are numerous books written about the Japanese-American internment during World War II. I plan on consulting books for the majority of the information that I need for reasons why such actions were taken against the Japanese-Americans as well as information on reimbursement/apologies for the internment. Spaniol, L. et al. The Role of the Family in Psychiatric Rehabilitation. (Book requested through interlibrary loan 4/12/02) Hubbuch, S. M. (2002). Writing Research Papers Across the Curriculum. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. (Book) I. Research Topic, Projected Value, Documentation Style (c) I intend to use the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation system for this research topic. When I consulted our textbook regarding citation formats, I learned that “The APA form is a variant of the author-date system of citing sources, used in the field of psychology and often in other behavioral sciences” (Hubbuch, 2002). (b) Working hypothesis: This is a problem not only in Bend, but in large, economically sound communities, as well. It is a problem that must be addressed as a community to have a working, caring system to provide for the mentally ill who are homeless. This involves having a community home to provide for these homeless individuals, having a foster care system that supplements a community home and having people receiving these services be treated with “respect, dignity and without labeling or discrimination of any type” (CareLink, 2002). II. Leading Research Question and Hypothesis Ragins, M. MD. (2000) A Personal Worldwide Perspective of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. The Village Integrated Service Agency. <http://www.village-isa.org/Ragin’s%20Papers/worldwide_perspective.htm> [Accessed 4 Apr 2002]. (Article) A). The topic that I have chosen to research this term is dreams. I have always been very interested in dreams, both my own and those of others, especially in connection with the psychological meaning they represent for the dreamer. A little over two years ago I suffered a tremendous loss when my best friend and two close friends were killed in a car accident. Less than eight months later a fourth very dear friend was similarly killed. In dealing with my loss I found one incredible distraction from the pain- dreaming. Immediately after the accidents I began to notice that my dreams had become more emotional and played a large role in my thoughts and mood for the next day. The night I had my first dream about my late best friend we talked about how the accident impacted me, and how he was always by my side, even when I couldn’t see him. When I woke up I felt like a different person, like the dream had washed away all of my depression. For the first time in months I was able to smile just by thinking about that dream. But when I went to look up the meaning of the dream in one of my dream analysis books I was shocked to find the supposed “inner meaning.” According to the first book I looked in, a dream of visiting a deceased friend meant that I would live a long life. Baffled, I looked in a second dream analysis book. This one said that it meant things were going to change for [Pamphlet obtained 12 Apr 2002] I used Ebsco Host database for a web search of key terms: mental health; mental illness; psychiatric rehabilitation, Geel, Belgium. I have also searched Google.com. I have found useful journal articles relating to my topic, including an article in the Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Summer 2000, outlining and describing the Denver approach which combines “the best rehabilitation models and influences into one system of rehabilitation services.” Additionally custom essay writing help, I discovered information about The Village Integrated Service Agency in Long Beach, California, which incorporates a number of innovative approaches in care for the mentally ill. Gackenbach, Jayne. (1987). Sleep and Dreams: A Sourcebook. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. (book) Why were Japanese-Americans the only ones interned? Why weren ' t other " enemy races" interned? Ragins, M. MD. History and Overview of the Village. The Village Integrated ServiceAgency. <http://www.village-isa.org/Ragin”s%20Papers/Hist.%20&%20Oveview.> [Accessed 4 Apr 2002] (Article) World War II internment Hamilton-Parker, Craig. (1999). The Hidden Meaning of Dreams. New York: Sterling Wood S.E, & Green Wood E.R. (2002). The World of Psychology. (4 th ed) Boston: A Pearson Education Co. 135-140 (text book) Eeden, Frederik van. (1913) “A Study of Dreams.” Psychology.about.com, 2002. C). The documentation style I have chosen for my topic is the style commonly used by the American Psychological Association, or simply put, the APA form. I feel that this documentation style is appropriate for my topic choice because the main root behind the study of dreams is psychology. Dreaming is a psychological science, and the studies material to support 75% of my paper, all mainly secondary sources. The bulk of my paper will be written based on the my finding in the book To Catch a Dream. and the Sleep and Dream sourcebook. I am still planning to design and implement a survey for my fellow college students that will ask them to: anonymously describe a recent dream, give a few possible reasons for the dreams (why they think that they dreamed it), and suggest a few interpretations of the psychological meaning. This survey is to be my main primary source. I will take the data that I receive and analyze it according to my two dream analysis books to see how closely the given interpretation resembles the students’ analysis. Psychology.about.com will continue to play a major role in the direction my paper goes, seeing as how it is continually updated and I can continually check up on it. I am also trying to locate 10 different issues of the Brain and Behavioral Science Journal. and four issues of the British Journal of Psychology. 4. Sources Consulted in Exploratory Research Kemp, Gillian. “The Five Types of Dreams.” Psychology.about.com, 2002 (a) The research topic I have chosen for Writing 123 is focused on our mental health system, what services are provided in Bend, and what services are needed. The research question I wish to answer is: Homelessness among the chronically mentally ill is a community problem in Bend as well as elsewhere in the United States: As a community, how can we address this problem? I have chosen this topic partly as a result of my interest developed from my psychology professor last term. She mentioned in class that there are some chronically mentally ill (schizophrenic) people who live in Juniper Park. Additionally analysis process essay, I recently viewed a program on 60 Minutes which profiled a community in Geel, Belgium, that has a unique way to care for the mentally ill in their community. I was intrigued by the total community commitment and support of the mentally ill. In Geel, Belgium, you never see someone sleeping on the street. I wanted to further investigate their system for caring for the mentally ill and see if their methods could be duplicated in other communities, such as in the United States. If some of the methods used in Geel essay on the use of the internet, Belgium, could be used elsewhere, as in Bend, this might have significant implications for the services we can provide in Bend. I feel as a community, we have a responsibility to care for those who are unable to care for themselves. I do not feel it is acceptable to have the chronically mentally ill living in our community parks or on the streets. I think some of our social problems are just accepted as part of living in a community and perhaps they are not addressed as they should be. In my research, I discovered a model program that was started in Long Beach, California, as a result of the frustration and dissatisfaction of family members of mentally ill, as well as professionals and business people who had an interest in improving the mental health system. As a result, the Village Integrated Service Agency in Long Beach, California, has received a growing amount of attention and commendation as a model mental health program. It incorporates a number of innovative approaches that may be valuable in effecting widespread system change. In the US you see many homeless people. In Bend we have homelessness. My psychology professor stated there are probably five or six schizophrenic people living in Juniper Park. Our mental health system fails to care for the chronically mentally ill. NOTE: I realize that the variance of source types is limited here, but I plan on consulting many more source types later, as I have mentioned above. War relocation center * What are the different types of dreams? * How do different cultures interpret dreams? © Natalie Lauderdale, 2002 2. Research Question and Working Hypothesis What is the Village Integrated Service Agency? How did it get started and why? What is it doing differently and what is successful, not successful? Would this approach work elsewhere? In Bend? Why have we as a country tried to hide or forget about what happened? * What common factors interfere with the accurate interpretation of dreams? * How often do people dream? Daniels, Roger, ed. American Concentration Camps. Introduction by Roger Daniels. New York: Garland, 1989. (Book) World War 1939-1945 Japanese Americans B. My working hypothesis (I propose) is that the Japanese-American internment during World War II was a result of bad decisions based upon prejudices and was a major mistake for the United States - it accomplished nothing. montecin/plagiarism.htm). Fortunately, most students do their own work. For anyone tempted to pass off someone else's work as his or her own, I am a sophisticated user of the Internet and can easily spot papers gotten from paper mills, Internet or otherwise. Please do not jeopardize your college career or your grade in this class by using papers that are not written by you.] montecin/disciplines.htm) and do your own searches for other resources.] From: [name and email address] To: Professor Virginia Montecino My thesis: [ The thesis is generally a sentence or two, which comes after the introductory material and states the main point/s in your paper. It is NOT a question. If your subject is fertility treatments, for example, your thesis might be "The high number of multiple births is forcing society to examine the ethical issues that are caused by fertility drugs and invitro fertilization. ] Subject of my paper: [The subject is the broad topic]
0 Reacties
Laat een antwoord achter. |
ArchievenCategorieën |